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10,000 B.C. – 1500 A.D.

Domestic Policy:

• The feudal period in Europe begins to end in the 15^th and 16^th century, giving rise to nation-states.

Foreign Policy:

• Commerce and exploration increased as a result of new navigational developments.
• Spain and Portugal initially dominate the exploration age, and Britain joins later.
• Dutch – Hudson River Valley, French – Canada/Ohio R. Valley, English – eastern seaboard

Terms:

• Columbus (1492): First to visit America
• Treat of Tordesillas (1494) – drew a line of demarcation to divide the world between Spain and Portugal. Spain: Western Hemisphere (except Brazil), Portugal: Asia
• John Cabot (1497): first European since the Vikings to explore the mainland of North America and the first to search for the Northwest Passage.
• De Gama (1498): Reached India by sailing around Africa
• Astrolabe – invention that helped spur navigation, enabled navigators to calculate latitude using the stars, giving them more accuracy in plotting courses.

1500-1600

Domestic Policy:

• Henry VIII separates form the Catholics Church, creating a divide between the Catholics and Protestants.
• Large population growth, high inflation, and a decline in wages lead to increasingly bad conditions in England.

Foreign Policy:

• Roanoke Colony (1585) was the first attempt at a colony, by Sir Walter Raleigh
• In 1588 Elizabeth I defeats the Spanish Armada

Terms:

• St. Augustine, FL (1565): First permanent Spanish settlement
• Cortez: (1519) conquered and claimed Mexico
• Pizarro: (1531) conquered and claimed Peru
• De Soto: (1541) explored the Mississippi River
• Americus Vespucci (1501): Explored the coast of South America.

1600-1650

Domestic Policy:

• Puritans, following John Calvin, were increasingly disenchanted with the Church of England, feeling it was too close to Catholicism.
• There was some religious freedom under Elizabeth I, but after her death in 1603, life for Puritans became more difficult (caused many to settle in the colonies).

Foreign Policy:

• Britain began establishing colonies in North America; the Middle colonies (New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware) were largely proprietary colonies, the Southern colonies were reminiscent of feudal kingdoms, and the New England colonies were largely settled for religious freedom.
• In 1663 the English drove the Dutch out of New York

Terms:

• Jamestown (1606): Chartered from James I given to the Virginia Company, settled for economic reasons. Tobacco saved the colony.
• Plymouth (1620): Founded for religious reasons by the Virginia Company. Separatists from the Anglican Church (Pilgrims) settled here. Leader: Bradford.
• Massachusetts Bay Colony (1630): Founded for commercial interests, but many Puritans settled here. John Winthrop was a major leader. First English colony with a representative government.
• Theocracy – the church is supreme.
• Mayflower Compact (1620) – first agreement for self-government
• Fundamental Orders of Connecticut: the first written constitution in America.
• Maryland Toleration Act: guaranteed religious freedom to all Christians
• Mercantilism: the colonies existed only for the profit of the mother country.
• House of Burgesses (VA) (1619): first representative assembly in America

1650-1700

Domestic Policy

• Glorious Revolution removes James II, replacing him with William and Mary

• The New England colonies were largely involved in trade, the middle colonies in farming (the “bread” colonies), and the Southern colonies in plantation farming.

Foreign Policy:

• Lots of conflict between England and France to see which would be the dominant power of Western Europe.
• King William’s War (1689-1697): fighting between New England troops and Native American/French troops. Ended by the Treaty of Ryswick, which reaffirmed prewar colonial boundaries.
• Lots of conflict between colonists and

Terms:

• Navigation Acts: controlled colonial commerce with England and other countries. (1660, 1663, 1673)
• Dominion of New England: revoked the charters of all the colonies from NJ to Maine, placed immediate powers in the hands of Sir Edmund Andros.
• Bacon’s Rebellion (1676): Virginia farmers revolted against corrupt and oppressive government (Berkeley didn’t protect against Native American attacks)
• Treaty of Ryswick: ended King William’s War
• Triangular trade: between colonies, Europe, and Africa.

1700-1763

Domestic Policy:

§ The Great Awakening (1720s-1740s), led by preachers such as Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield, spurred a great religious revival.

§ The colonies enjoyed more freedom as a result of the English practice of salutary neglect.

Foreign Policy:

• The French and Indian War: fighting over the Ohio Valley, the colonists (with help from England) won.
• Peace of Paris (1763): gave Britain all of French Canada, all territory South of Canada and east of the Mississippi River; France and Spain lost all West Indian colonies; Britain receives Florida; and Spain gets all of France’s territory west of the Mississippi River for losing Florida.

Terms:

• Treaty of Utrecht (1713): France lost the war of Spanish Succession, gave Newfoundland, Hudson Bay, and Nova Scotia to Britain
• Albany Congress (1754): Meeting of representative of 7 colonies to coordinate their efforts against French and Native American threats in the Western frontier regions.
• The Wool (1699), Hat (1732) and Iron (1750) Acts: Americans can’t turn raw material into finished commodities.
• Molasses Act (1733): England attempted to control the sale of sugar cane to colonies, but not well enforced.
• British Board of Trade: oversaw trade, had the power to recommend legislation to enforce mercantilist policies.

1763-1776

Domestic Policy:

• King George appoints George Grenville as prime minister, ending salutary neglect
• Paxton Boys (Pennsylvania) and Regulator Movement (revolt against unfair taxes and lack of representation in state legislature).
• Britain enacts a series of Acts that anger the colonists, leading to the declaration of independence
• Sugar Act of 1764, Currency Act of 1764, Quartering Act of 1765, Declaratory Act of 1766, Townshend Acts (1767)
• Violent outbursts by the colonists in response to this angers Britain
• Boston “Massacre”, Boston Tea Party
• Britain responds to these outbursts (Intolerable Acts of 1774)
• The colonists began meeting to discuss responses to Britain’s actions – Continental Congress (1774)
• Still don’t want to break from Britain
• 3 groups: Radicals, Moderates, Conservatives
• Hostilities between the two begin
• Lexington and Concord (1775), (Second Continental Congress makes the Declaration of Causes and Necessities for taking up Arms), Bunker Hill
• The final straw for both: The colonists send the king the Olive Branch Petition (to which he says he won’t negotiate with his own subjects), and the Prohibitory Act is passed (declares the colonies in open rebellion, suspending all trade between the two)
• June 1776: Patrick Henry Lee introduces a resolution in Congress declaring the colonies free and independent
• Thomas Jefferson writes the Declaration of Independence
• July 4, 1776, Congress formally approves the Declaration of Independence.

Foreign Policy:

• Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763) was an armed conflict between the colonists and Native Americans; Britain sent redcoats to defeat the Indians, and then put restrictions on westward colonial settlement (Proclamation of 1763)

Terms:

• Sugar Act of 1764: replaced the Molasses Act, reduced the duties on imported sugar, but it was enforced and smugglers were punished
• Currency Act of 1764: forbade colonists from printing their own money, required them to use gold and silver (which were in short supply in the colonies) and to pay taxes in gold and silver
• Quartering Act (1765): colonists had to supply food and housing for British troops
• Stamp Act (1765): Raised revenue by taxing printed material (Patrick Henry – “No taxation without representation!”). When colonists first started suggesting complete break from Britain. Repealed after boycott and violence.
• Stamp Act Congress: Representative of nine colonies went to this meeting (1765), producing the Declaration of Rights that strongly condemned the stamp act.
• Declaratory Act (1766): Britain declared its right to tax colonists without challenge. Introduced idea of “virtual representation”.
• Townshend Acts (1767): Parliament under the new prime minister (Charles Townshend) proposed that item produced in Britain and sold in America be taxed, which would be paid at American ports. Also suspended the New York Assembly for not providing troops with supplies. Colonists boycott and smuggle.
• Boston Massacre: Lord North repeals the Townshend Acts (except on tea)

1776-1787

Domestic Policy:

• The colonies began to establish their own government under the Articles of Confederation (accepted by all colonies by 1781)
• Under the Treaty of Paris (1783) they became the 13 states
• Article of Confederation:
• Unicameral legislature
• Congress can’t tax or regular interstate/foreign trade
• Each state got 1 vote in Congress
• No national court system, uniform currency, or chief executive
• 9/13 states required to pass certain legislation
• 13/13 states required to pass amendment
• The Articles of Confederation caused many problems which were eventually addressed in the 1787 Constitutional Convention

Foreign Policy:

• Revolutionary War
• Battle of Trenton and Princeton: Washington won Trenton and Princeton, making clear the war would continue (1776-1777)
• Battle of Saratoga: Turning point of the war because French decided to give the colonists aid (17778)
• Battle of Yorktown: Lord Cornwallis surrendered the British Army, ending the war (1781)
• Treaty of Paris (1783)
• US is independent, established boundaries, the US wouldn’t interfere in British debt collection, and wouldn’t punish Loyalists.

Terms:

• Land Ordinance of 1785: made townships divided into sections for sale; the revenue from the sale of one section from each township would be used to develop public education
• Northwest Ordinance: (embodied federalism and republicanism) divided the northwest territory into 3-5 separate territories and set up a methodical process to advance each into statehood (under the AOC)
• Shay’s Rebellion: Farmers in Massachusetts took up arms after a tax increase, and was finally put down when the taxes were lowered and the citizens of Boston hired an army. Demonstrated the weakness of the AOC.
• Common Sense: by Thomas Paine, encouraged independence.
• Hessians: German fighters hired by Britain

1787-1800

Domestic Policy:

• The Constitution is adopted after many compromises; it includes bicameral legislature and divides the government into 3 branches with different powers and checks on each other.
• Federalists vs. Antifederalists
• Federalists: wanted the Constitution adopted; comprised mostly of upper class people and those living in coastal/urban areas. Led by George Washington, Hamilton, Madison, Franklin. Supported a strong central government. Accepted after Bill of Rights added.
• Antifederalists: mostly from backcountry/agricultural areas, debtors. Lead by Patrick Henry, John Hancock, and George Mason. Opposed a central government that didn’t guarantee protection of individual rights.
• Hamiltonian vision vs. Jeffersonian vision
• Hamilton: federalist, advocated commercial and manufacturing vision for the nation. His economic plan included the Tariff of 1789, Report on Public Credit, Report on Manufactures, and Creation of a National Bank
• Jefferson: envisioned an agrarian future
• Election of 1796: John Adams (federalist) vs. Jefferson (antifederalist)
• Alien and Sedition Acts: raised residency requirements, gave the president the power to deport all individuals who were a threat to the US and deport or imprison anyone during declared war; also made speaking, writing, or publishing criticisms of the government punishable by law.
• Kentucky Resolution (1793): Jefferson questioned the government’s authority to pass the Alien and Sedition Acts.
• Virginia Resolution: Madison articulated the “compact” theory of government (states rights)

Foreign Policy:

• Despite the turmoil in Europe, America kept a neutral policy.
• In response to the French Revolution, George Washington issues the Neutrality Proclamation
• US-French affairs were bad
• France kept attacking US shipping, though we were neutral
• Adams sends a mission to France in 1794, XYZ Affair ensues. However, Adams still refuses to declare war.
• Convention of 1800: the treaty from the Revolutionary War (between France and US) is cancelled. Relations improve.

Terms:

• The Commerce Compromise: (regulating trade and commerce) The south agreed to federal control over foreign and interstate trade and the slave trade was permitted until 1808; also said the government could collect import taxes, but no duties were put on exports.
• Federalist Papers: (Madison, Hamilton, John Jay) said that man is corruptible and can’t be trusted to govern self. Federalist No. 10 said that the republican form of government could effectively and fairly operate in a large and heterogeneous nation.
• Neutrality Proclamation: George Washington says we’re in no position to confront such big powers. Jefferson is really mad and resigns.
• The Jay Treaty (1794): Chief Justice John Jay is sent to negotiate with Britain to end impressments of American sailors and the seizing of American ships. Britain agrees to remove forts in western US, but made no guarantees that seizures and impressments would stop.
• Pinckney’s Treaty (1795): Spain was concerned that the US was becoming less hostile toward Britain (which would be bad for them), and made a series of negotiations. They opened the lower Mississippi and New Orleans to American trade/shipping, granted Americans the right of deposit in New Orleans without paying a tax, accepted the 31^st parallel as Florida’s north border, and agreed to stop inciting Native American tribes.
• Whiskey Rebellion (1794): Farmers in Pennsylvania refused to pay the whiskey excise tax (which was part of Hamilton’s program) and attacked collectors. Washington called in troops, but it drove farmers to become further antifederalist.

1800-1808

Domestic Policy:

• When Thomas Jefferson won the election of 1800, the supremacy of the federalists was ended. Jefferson repealed laws/let them expire (Alien and Sedition acts).
• “The Revolution of 1800” (the 1800 election) had TJ and Burr tied, so it went to the House. Hamilton’s support of Jefferson allowed him to win.
• Jefferson vs. Hamilton
• Jefferson: Democrat-Republican, anti-capitalistic, wanted restrictions put on the government, strict interpretation of the constitution, agrarian society.
• Hamilton: federal, wanted expansion of federal government power, loose interpretation of constitution, manufacturing/industry.
• Jefferson maintained the domestic/foreign policies of predecessors
• Louisiana Purchase (1803)
• The Marshall Court expanded federal powers

Foreign Policy:

• The US maintained its neutrality policy while Britain and France were experiencing tension, even through the Essex Decision, Leopard-Chesapeake Incident, Orders in Council, Berlin Decree, and Milan Decree
• Because the US was determined to stay neutral, it attempted to punish Britain and France commercially through the Nonintercourse Acts and Embargo Act

Terms:

• Essex Decision (1805): Britain declared that trade closed during peace couldn’t be opened during war (basically said America couldn’t trade with the French west Indies)
• Leopard-Chesapeake Incident (1807): Britain began impressing American sailors. The Leopard (British warship) fired of the Chesapeake (US warship), removing several sailors
• Orders in Council (1806,1807): Britain blockades French/allies ports, stopping neutral nations from trading with them.
• Berlin Decree (1806): French version of the Orders in Council
• Milan Decree (1807): France will seize any ships obeying the Orders in Council.
• Nonintercourse Act (1806): stopped the importation of lots of British stuff. However, didn’t influence Britain as they had hoped.

1808-1828

Domestic Policy:

• The federalists deeply opposed the war with Britain, leading to the Hartford Convention, which met to organize resistance and draft resolutions to reduce the influence of the South and Democrat-Republicans.
• After the war was won, the federalists were discredited and the “Era of Good Feelings” ensued (1816-1823)
• 1824 “Corrupt Bargain” Election – JQA wins against Johnson with influence from Clay, who is made Secretary of State
• Henry Clay’s American System
• Missouri Compromise (1820): MO = slave state, ME = free, established 36 30 line

Foreign Policy:

• During this time period the US starts getting expansionist tendencies.
• War of 1812:
• Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)
• “War Hawks” in congress wanted to punish Britain for impressments, Federalists said war would harm commercial interests.
• Treaty of Ghent (1814, Belgium): no significant concessions made, but the US won foreign respect for its military capabilities.
• Rush-Bagot Treaty (1816)
• Adams Onís Treaty (1819)
• Monroe Doctrine (1823)
• 1. No part of North/South America was open to further European colonization
• 2. European attempts to interfere with any existing American (North or South) governments would be considered unfriendly acts
• 3. The US would not interfere with existing European colonies
• 4. The US would not interfere in the affairs of Europe
• Beginning in 1824, US starts moving Native American tribes east of the Mississippi

Terms:

• Embargo Act (1809): prohibited all foreign trade. Hurt the US (especially New England) more than it helped.
• Nonintercourse Act (1809): trade was opened with all but France and Britain. The US would trade with either if they repealed their trade restrictions.
• Macon’s Bill 2 (1810): Replaced the Nonintercourse act (Madison). The US would suspend trade with the enemy of the first nation to cease violation of shipping rights. France claimed to revoke the Berlin/Milan Decrees if Britain repealed its Orders in Council.
• Rush-Bagot Treaty (1816): US and Britain agree to demilitarize the great lakes
• Adams Onís Treaty (1819): US bought Florida for $5 million (expansionism!)
• Henry Clay’s American System: make America less economically dependent on Europe by encouraging the production of goods in the US that had previously been imported, second national bank (for credit), large protective tariff.

1828-1840

Domestic Policy:

• Election of 1828: Jackson elected
• Age of “the common man”
• Jackson: Spoils system, Indian Removal Act, “Kitchen Cabinet”, Bank War.
• 1837-1843: economy spirals downward
• domestic/international decline for cotton
• uncontrolled land and financial speculation
• withdrawal of capital by British investors
• Nullification Crisis (1828)
• The “Tariff of Abominations” is passed
• If a state believes the federal government has exceeded its authority it can object
• Calhoun writes the SC Exposition
• Jackson threatened SC with the army
• Henry Clay works out the issue – Compromise of 1833
• Second Great Awakening
• “Fire and brimstone” sermons – Charles Finney
• reaction to Enlightenment’s reliance on reason over faith
• Art and Literature
• 1830: emergence of the Whig party (opposed Jackson)
• 1836: Democrat Martin Van Buren elected
• Begin settling Oregon
• 1820s-1850s: Age of Reform (height during Jackson/Van Buren’s presidency)
• women’s rights, abolitionist movement, education reform, mental health, prison reform, social welfare, trade unionism, Native American policy reform, utopian societies, temperance movement, anti-immigration movements

Foreign Policy:

• In the 1830s the idea of Manifest Destiny starts to come out.
• 1831: Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
• Texas War for Independence
• 1836 Texas issued a declaration of independence

Terms:

• Maysville Road Veto (1830): Congress passed a bill authorizing the government to invest in the construction of a road from Maysville to Lexington (KY) (incidentally, where Henry Clay was from). Jackson vetoed because it was within the state and therefore unconstitutional. Set a precedent: individual states and private capital are responsible for roads.
• “Tariff of Abominations”: protective tax that was very high on some imports, and very low on others.
• South Carolina Exposition: Calhoun; state legislatures have the right to rule federal laws unconstitutional and nullify them.
• Compromise Tariff of 1833: Clay negotiated a new tariff acceptable to the South and pushed it through Congress, as well as the Force Act, which allows the president to use troops to collect the tariff.
• Cherokee Nation v. Georgia: said Cherokees were a “domestic dependent nation” and had no right to appeal in federal court.

1840-1861

Domestic Policy:

• Antebellum period; tensions between the states ran high. A series of compromises kept the two at bay, but the addition of new territory and whether they would be admitted as free or slave states exacerbated the differences between the two.
• 1840: Whig William Henry Harrison elected
• Compromise of 1850: (Henry Clay)
• Utah and New Mexico – popular sovereignty
• California would be a free state
• The Fugitive Slave Law would be strengthened
• Slave Trade prohibited in DC
• Series of slave rebellions (Denmark Vesey, Nat Turner)
• Wilmot Proviso (1846 – didn’t pass): no slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico as a result of the war.
• Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
• Repealed the Missouri Compromise
• Each new state created from the territory of the Louisiana Purchase would decide whether to be free or slave
• Election of 1860
• Division of the Democratic party (Election of 1860)
• North: Stephen Douglas – popular sovereignty
• South: John C. Breckenridge – based on Dred Scott case
• Whig/American Party: John Bell (condemned sectional parties, called for upholding the Constitution and the laws of the land.
• Republican Party (Lincoln):
• Kansas admitted as free state
• Slavery not to be extended to the territories
• Free farming land to be given the settlers in the West
• A high protective tariff
• Beginning with Lincoln’s election, Southern states began seceding
• In April 1861, the Civil War begins with the attack on Fort Sumter
• Causes: economic – north needed a high tariff, skilled labor, internal improvements, and a national bank. South needed low tariffs, slave labor, state banks, and opposed internal improvements. Political – slavery for representative purposes. Moral – abolitionists/God established slavery
• 1849: Gold discovered in California

Foreign Policy:

• Expansionism: Annexation of Texas (1845), Oregon Treaty of 1846, Gadsden Purchase, New Mexico, California (1848)
• Mexican-American War (1846)
• Winifield Scott/Zachary Taylor in a series of battles in Mexico
• California captured by Stephen Kearny, John Sloat, and John Fremont
• Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1848): regions of Mexico called New Mexico and Upper California ceded to the US (US paid $15 million).

Terms:

• Gadsden Purchase – small strip of land purchased from Mexico to provide a good southern railroad route to the West.
• Oregon Treaty of 1846 – gave most of Oregon to America (54 40 or fight!)
• Dred Scott v. Sanford: slaves are property, Missouri Compromise unconstitutional
• Homestead Act (1862): free land in the West for those who settled on and developed it
• Pacific Railroad Acts: approved a route from St. Louis to San Francisco, granted rights of way and land to the builders.

1865-1877

Domestic Policy:

• While Lincoln’s plan for Reconstruction was somewhat forgiving, after his assassination Johnson proved to have different ideas from Congress; eventually Radical Republicans took over and passed the Reconstruction Acts of 1867.
• A series of acts tried to help African Americans, but greater forces were determined to give them as few rights as possible.
• Reconstruction ended after the election of 1876, where Hayes was elected
• The Civil Rights (13, 14, 15) Amendments were added to the Constitution
• The Tenure of Office Act (1867), and Johnson’s subsequent attempt to remove Edwin Stanton as Secretary of War, lead to cries for his impeachment

Foreign Policy:

• The movement of settlers west prompted violence between Native Americans and the settlers.
• Battle of Little Bighorn: Sioux victory over General Custer and his forces (1876)
• Expansionism
• Purchase of Alaska (1867) for $7.2 million (“Seward’s Folly”)

Terms:

• Reconstruction Acts of 1867: placed the Southern states under military rule, south divided into 5 military regions, states had to hold new constitutional conventions to form state constitutions that allowed qualified blacks to vote and provided them with equal rights. Barred former supporters of the Confederacy from voting, 14^th amendment had to be passed in all states.
• Civil Rights Act of 1866: granted freedmen all the benefits of federal citizenship and promised that federal courts would uphold these rights. In cases where these rights were violated, federal troops would be used for enforcement. Passed over Johnson’s veto.
• Tenure of Office Act (1867): the president can’t dismiss any Cabinet member without the approval of the Senate.
• Compromise of 1877: Hayes named president (vs. Tilden) and agreed to remove all federal troops from the South and stop the enforcement of much Reconstruction-era legislation concerning the South (ended Reconstruction). Black in the south once again reduced to second-class citizens.
• Ten Percent Plan: Lincoln’s plan for reconstruction; said citizens of seceded states had to swear allegiance to the government. The state would be readmitted when 10% of the registered voters in the state signed this pledge and made a new constitution.

1877-1900

Domestic Policy:

• Industrial Era
• Capital, business, and trusts grew; however, working conditions were horrible, leading to a large rise in unions and strikes.
• Gilded Age
• Bad working conditions led to an increase in labor unions and reform movements
• Knights of Labor (1879), AFL (1886)
• Populism
• The Grange, Farmer’s Alliances, and Populists emerged to contest big business’s control over the marketplace.
• Agricultural prices began to decline in 1884, intensifying farm protests
• Omaha Platform for 1892: silver standard, graduated income tax, direct election of senators, shorter work day, restrictions on immigration
• 1896: William Jennings Bryan (Cross of Gold speech), lost to McKinley
• Better economic conditions/Spanish American war à death of Populists
• Western expansion (1880s)
• 1893 Depression

Foreign Policy:

• Continued Westward expansion causes more problems with Native Americans
• Massacre at Wounded Knee
• Turner Thesis introduced (1893)
• Pacific Islands – Midway Island, Tutuila, Pago Pago (1889)
• Spanish-American War
• 1895: Cuban patriots led a revolt against Spanish rule, harshly punished, American sensationalism newspapers à American public wants war
• Maine blown up in Havana/De Lome letter, yellow journalism
• War
• 1898: Treaty of Paris
• US gets Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines
• Cuba gets independence, US supervises
• US pays Spain $20 million for the Philippines
• Open Door Policy (1899): allowed all foreign nations to establish trading relations with China

Terms:

• Dawes Act (1887): designed to give Native Americans their own plots of land to farm on; real intent was to attempt to destroy the tribal identities of Native Americans.
• Pendleton Civil Service Act: in response to Garfield’s assassination, created the Civil Service Commission, which would test applicants and ensure that government jobs were given to those ho were qualified to get them.
• Billion Dollar Congress
• (Republican Congress under Harrison)
• McKinley Tariff of 1890
• Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890
• Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890
• Wilson-Gorman Act of 1894 (increased the tariff)
• Increased monthly pensions to Civil War veterans
• Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890): aimed at breaking huge trusts into smaller units; failed because it wasn’t enforced/some administrations favored big business
• Interstate Commerce Act: set up fair rate schedules for railway freight, and ICC to enforce it.
• Plessy vs. Ferguson: separate but equal.
• Teller Amendment: Cubans would be granted autonomy and self-determination if they won
• Platt Amendment: US allowed to intervene in Cuban affairs when its own interests were threatened, established naval bases in Cuba.

1900-1908

Domestic Policy:

• Progressive Era (Roosevelt, Taft, Wilson)
• Wanted to make existing institutions work better
• Economic reform: reforms that seek to control corporate behavior and check the abuses practiced by large corporations
• Political: forms that extend or protect the political rights of previously disenfranchised group, are intended to make public officials more accountable to the public, and attack corruption/abuses of power by political officials
• McKinley assassinated (1901)
• Continued industrialism

Foreign Policy:

• Panama Canal: US aided Panamanian revolution, offered them the same terms they had offered Colombia, and got the rights to build the canal.
• Roosevelt: “Speak softly, but carry a big stick”
• Roosevelt Corollary (1904): U had the right to intervene in any country in the Western Hemisphere that did things “harmful to the US,” or if the threat of intervention by countries outside the hemisphere was present.
• Roosevelt arbitrated the Russo-Japanese War, showing continued concern for the US position in Asia and the free access to markets.

Terms:

• Pure Food and Drug Act: prohibited the sale of impure food and medicine
• Muller v. Oregon: ruled constitutional to set limits on the number of hours a woman could do work
• Muckrakers: newspaper editors that exposed corruption
• Elkins Act: strengthened the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 by requiring railroad companies to charge only the published rate.
• The Jungle: example of muckraker journalism, Upton Sinclair’s expose of the meat-packing industry

1908-1912

Domestic Policy:

• Republican party splits
• The Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1909), Ballinger-Pinchot controversy (1910), Speaker of the House controversy
• Taft’s antitrust suit against US Steel (1911): Roosevelt promised US Steel it wouldn’t be prosecuted, but Taft did that. Final split.
• Election of 1912: Progressive Party (La Follette), “Bull Moose party” (Roosevelt – New Nationalism), Democrats (Wilson – New Freedom), Socialist (Eugene Debs)

Foreign Policy:

• Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy” : American investment abroad would ensure stability and good relations between America and nations abroad.

Terms:

• The Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1909): high protective tariff, supported by conservative but opposed by progressives
• Ballinger-Pinchot controversy (1910): Ballinger (secretary of the interior) identified with westerners who opposed conservation measures. Pinchot represented the progressive wing that favored conservation measures. Taft supported Ballinger, opening over 1 million acres of land.
• Speaker of the House controversy: Joseph Cannon opposed most social-welfare programs. Progressives wanted to curtail his power. Conservative opposed any erosion of the Speaker’s power.
• Roosevelt’s “New Nationalism”: advocated the use of the federal government as a positive interventionist tool to advance democracy
• Wilson’s “New Freedom”: government should intervene only when democracy was threatened by social, economic, and political privilege and unfair business practices.

1912-1920

Domestic Policy:

• Wilson election in 1912, “New Freedom”
• Reduced the tariff, passed more anti-trust legislation, reformed the banking system.
• Protective Legislation: Clayton Anti-Trust Act, La Follette Seaman’s Act, Federal Farm Loan Act, Warehouse Act, Workingmen’s Compensation Act, Adamson Act.
• Lots of propaganda instilled nationalism in Americans and caused widespread support for the war.
• 16 (income tax), 17 (direct election of senators), 18 (prohibition), 19 (women’s suffrage) Amendments

Foreign Policy:

• Wilson rejected Roosevelt’s Big Stick Diplomacy and Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy in favor of a more moralistic approach to international relations.
• Pressured Congress to give more control of the Panama Canal to Panama.
• Signed the Jones Act, making the Philippines an official US territory and eventual independence.
• Virgin Islands (1917): purchased from Denmark as defense for the Panama Canal, provided naval bases on the perimeter of the Caribbean sea.
• Involvement in Central/South America: troops sent to Nicaragua, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Virgin Island, and Mexico
• Conflict with Mexico: Wilson refused to declare war, but ordered the navy to seize Vera Cruz port, Mexico. Carranza replaced him, and then Pancho Villa killed Americans in New Mexico. Pancho Villa wanted to start a war between Carranza and the US, but the US just crushed his forces.
• World War I
• Wilson wanted neutrality at all costs, but Americans sold arms to the Allies. Lusitania sunk by German subs, unrestricted submarine warfare, anti-German propaganda, Zimmerman note.
• Congress declares war in 1917
• Treaty of Versailles: mostly ignored Wilson’s 14 points, intended to make Germany powerless.
• Wilson’s 14 Points
• Reduction of arms
• End to secret treaties
• Freedom of the seas
• Self-determination of people
• League of Nations

Terms:

• Clayton Antitrust Act: prohibited unfair agreements that might diminish competition; established a Federal Trade Commission to investigate charges of unfair competition and prosecute such cases; prohibited competing businesses from having the same men on Boards of Directors.
• National Security League (1914): founded to instill patriotism in Americans and prepare them for war.
• Convoy system: used to protect American ships carrying material to Great Britain; merchant ships were protected by American warships.
• Espionage Act (1917): illegal to obstruct the draft process, any mail said to incite treason could be seized
• Sedition Act (1918): illegal to criticize the government, Constitution, US Army, or US Navy.
• Great Migration: large movement of blacks to the north to take factory jobs.
• Underwood Tariff: drastically reduced duties on foreign goods, Congress compensated for the loss of revenue by passing the 16^th amendment.
• Federal Reserve Act: creased a decentralized national bank comprising 12 regional branches, controlled by the Federal Reserve Board.

1920-1932

Domestic Policy:

• “Return to Normalcy” (Republican campaign)
• Warren G. Harding
• Tons of scandals during his administration, including Teapot Dome
• Industrial growth created a consumer economy, national culture created (largely due to tv, radio, advertising, etc), lots of technological advances (ex: cars), Harlem Renaissance, the “lost generation” of writers, painters, etc., first Red Scare, Flappers, Jazz.
• “Roaring Twenties” – Industry recovered from the immediate postwar period, prosperity returned, and there was an economic boom.
• Stock Market Crash: October 1929
• High tariffs to eliminate EU competition from American markets, but the reduced trade made it impossible to sell US goods abroad
• Speculation in real estate and stock cause artificial rises in prices.
• Overproduction and unemployment caused in part by replacement of workers with machines
• War debts absorbed European purchasing power, lessening foreign trade
• Too much credit on easy terms caused financial collapses when borrowers were unable to pay back their loans.

Foreign Policy:

• Washington Conference: diplomats from the US, Japan, China, the Netherlands, Belgium, Portugal, France, Great Britain, and Italy met to discus the possible elimination of further naval development and affairs in China and rest of Asia.
• Return to isolationism
• Coolidge and Hoover professed a policy of isolationism, but supported negotiations over reparations from Germany and sent military forces to Central American nations several times.

Terms:

• Teapot Dome Scandal: Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall maneuvered to have two oil deposits put under the jurisdiction of the Department of the Interior; one of these was Teapot Dome (in WY). He then leased these reserves to private companies and got tons of money for it.
• Fordney-McCumber Tariff (1922): increased the tariffs on industrial products, put the largest tariff increases on imported farm products (to appease Republicans from farm states).
• Emergency Quota Act of 1921: Only 3% of a nationality living in the US were allowed into the US
• Immigration Act of 1924: number reduced to 2%. No Japanese.
• Scopes Trial (“monkey trial”): Darrow (+ Scopes) vs. Bryan, Scope found guilty. Bryan discredited the entire cause of creationism when he admitted on the stand that he personally didn’t take every fact found in the Bible literally.
• Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930): response to the initial effects of the Great Depression; established highest tariff rates on imported goods ever.

1932-1941

Domestic Policy:

• Election of 1932: FDR (Democrat) vs. Hoover (Republican)
• New Deal and the 3 R’s
• Relief: direct giving of goods, clothing, shelter, and jobs to the unemployed. Works Progress Administration (WPA)
• Recovery: laws aimed at curing the poor state of the economy at that moment. Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC), Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA).
• Reform: long-term changes in the economy designed to prevent future depressions. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), Reciprocal Tariff Act.
• Conflict between Roosevelt and the Supreme Court to get New Deal legislation passed. Tried to get Congress to approve his plan of “court packing”, but they refused. Several judges died, and he put his own in.

Foreign Policy:

• Isolationism – we had our own shit to deal with.
• America First Committee attracted nearly 820,000 members by 1940
• Neutrality Acts of 1935: if countries went to war, the US would not trade arms of weapons with them for 6 months + cash and carry policy
• Neutrality Act of 1939: cash and carry policy extended to countries at war.
• In 1941 we began giving aid to Britain: Lend-Lease Act, Atlantic Charter
• December 7 attack on Pear Harbor à December 9 war is declared.

Terms:

• Works Progress Administration (WPA): federal government gave employment to men on work projects it initiated
• Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC): Government made loans available to homeowners to prevent loss of their homes to mortgages
• Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA): reduced amount of crops planted to create artificial shortages and stimulate prices
• Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA): comprehensive development of the production of electricity and the control of flooding in the TN River valley. Opposed by many as socialism, but the Supreme Court approved it.
• Reciprocal Tariff Act: Removed barriers to trade by lowering tariffs through negotiation.
• Lend-Lease Act: president able to send immediate aid
• Atlantic Charter: Roosevelt/Churchill met, said they were opposed to territorial expansion for either country and there were for free trade and self-determination, and that another world organization would need to be created to replace the League of Nations.

1945-1960

Domestic Policy:

• War production for WWII pulled American out of the Great Depression
• Minorities: Large movement of women into the workforce, Blacks continued to meet discrimination both in and out of the armed services, Japanese internment camps.
• Truman takes over for FDR, with the “Fair Deal” – domestic programs, including a Fair Employment Practices Act, a call for government construction of public housing, and extension of SS, and a proposal to ensure employment for all American workers.
• Eisenhower’s “Modern Republicanism”: preached that the government could be compassionate but cut back on government spending at the same time.
• Culture: rock and roll, Marilyn Monroe, Elvis Presley
• Broad v. Board of Education

Foreign Policy:

• After WWII America was a major world power and provided much assistance to countries worldwide.
• Yalta Conference (1945): Roosevelt, Stalin, Churchill met. Agreed Germany would be split into 4 zones.
• August 1945: atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima, Nagasaki
• Potsdam Conference (1945): Truman and Clement Atlee (Churchill’s replacement) met with Stalin. Truman expressed reservations about the future role of the Soviet Union in Eastern Europe.
• The Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, and NATO united America and Western Europe both militarily and economically against the Soviet Union and its satellites.
• Containment policy to stop communism.
• Korean War: North vs. South, armistice restored the status quo.
• Eisenhower Doctrine (1957): permitted the US to extend economic and military aid to Middle Eastern countries the wanted it because they believed they were threatened by Communists.
• Brinkmanship

Terms:

• Berlin Airlift: American and British pilots flew in enough food and supplies for West Berlin to survive, Stalin lifted the blockade.
• NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization. An attack on one is an attack on all.
• Warsaw Pact (1955): defensive military alliance by the Soviet Union and all of the Eastern European satellite nations loyal to it.
• McCarthyism: ruthless searching out for communists in the government.
• Truman Doctrine: it would become the stated duty of the US to assist all democratic nations of the world who resisted communism.
• Marshall Plan: US provided nearly $12 billion in economic aid to help rebuild Europe.

1960-1968

Domestic Policy:

• Activism: the Women’s Movement, ethnic minorities fight for equality, environmental movement, countercultures.
• Hippies. Weed. Rock. Sex. Woodstock.
• Election of 1960: JFK v. Nixon.
• Kennedy’s “New Frontier”
• Economy: tax cut – stalled in Congress
• Poverty: lots of federal programs to help poor
• Space: we would win.
• Civil Rights: called for legislation to protect the rights of blacks
• Peace Corps: 1961 – educators, health workers, technicians.
• LBJ’s “Great Society”
• Economy: tax cut passed through Congress, $1 billion to address poverty in Appalachia
• Poverty: “war on poverty”, created many federal programs to tackle illiteracy, unemployment, housing, etc.
• Civil Rights: lots. Especially the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965
• Immigration: Immigration and Nationality Act of1965 abolished the 1921 quotas, doubled the number of immigrants allowed to enter annually
• School: Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965
• Health: Medicare and Medicaid.
• Warren Court
• 1968 Democratic Party Split: current leaders (LBJ, Hubert Humphry), students/intellectuals against war (Eugene McCarthy), Catholics/African-Americans/Latinos (Robert Kennedy), Southern white conservatives.
• 1968: Nixon elected

Foreign Policy:

• Kennedy’s “flexible response” – increased military funding. Middle way between nuclear war and appeasement.
• Bay of Pigs Invasion: JFK approves a plan to train Cuban resistance fighters to overthrow Castro, also launches attack on Bay of Pigs. It fails L.
• Alliance for Progress
• U-2 incident. ("so the soviet union was like...what's up? that was a spy plane. and we were like uhhh no it wasn't we were just flyin around. and they were like uh noo...it was a spy plane. and we like okayyy...it was a spy plane." –stutts)
• Vietnam War
• Troops sent to South Vietnam, Ngo Dnh Diem assassinated
• Operation Rolling Thunder (1965)
• Possibly the least popular war, there are many protests against the Vietnam War

Terms:

• Alliance for Progress: Kennedy’s program to build stable government in Central and South America.
• Civil Rights Act of 1964: made discrimination on the basis of race, sex, religion, or national origin illegal; segregation in public restrooms, bus stations, and other public facilities also illegal.
• Voting Rights Act of 1965: outlawed discriminatory voting practices that had been responsible for the widespread disenfranchisement of African Americans in the United States. outlaw the practice of requiring otherwise qualified voters to pass literacy tests in order to register to vote, a principal means by which Southern states had prevented African-Americans from exercising the franchise.
• Gulf of Tonkin Resolution: (1964) president can “take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the US and to prevent further aggression.”
• Tet Offensive: North Vietnamese and Viet Cong launch major attack during Vietnam’s New Year. American morale and support decreases.

1972-1976

Domestic Policy:

• Nixon’s “New Federalism” – states would have more responsibility for helping citizens
• Nixon ordered a 90-day freeze on prices and wages and directed that a program of deficit spending begin in response to economic problems
• Roe vs. Wade
• Watergate Affair—one of the low points of American political life in the 20^th century
• Gerald Ford, Nixon’s replacement, pardoned Nixon
• Economic problems: recession, OPEC controlled oil prices.

Foreign Policy:

• Vietnamization
• Peace Treaty signed in Paris (1973): Vietnam divided at the 17^th parallel.
• Nixon’s policy of “détente” with the Soviet Union.
• SALT I (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks) Treaty
• Henry Kissinger’s realpolitik: advised making policy decisions that were practical, not necessarily moral.
• War Powers Act
• Helsinki Accords

Terms:

• War Powers Act: Congress had to authorize all use of armed forces in the future
• “Southern Strategy”: Nixon’s measures to appeal to Southern whites and win them over to the Republican party; included delaying school desegregation and attempting to block an extension of the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
• Détente: the lessening of tension between the US and Soviet Union. Henry Kissinger was the architect of the policy.
• SALT I (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks) Treaty: (1972) treaty signed by Richard Nixon and Soviet premier Leonid Brezhnev limiting the development of additional nuclear weapon systems and defense systems to stop them. Only partially effective in preventing continued development of nuclear weaponry.
• Helsinki Accords: 1975 agreement on European security and economics and human rights.

1976-1980

Domestic Policy:

• Jimmy Carter (Democrat) Elected in 1976
• Attempted to streamline efforts
• Deregulation: removing government controls on business
• Energy crisis: oil prices rise
• Civil rights: Bakke v. California
• Unemployment and inflation
• Asked the American people to refrain from spending and excessive energy use to bring down inflation
• Many social programs cut, angering democrats

Foreign Policy:

• Began the process of giving the Panama Canal back to Panama
• Officially recognized the People’s Republic of China as the government of China
• Carter mediates the Camp David Accords (1978) (high point)
• Relationship with Soviet Union: US and Soviet Union disagree about human rights and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
• Iran Hostage Crisis (low point)

Terms:

• Camp David Accords (1978): produced by negotiations between Menachem Begin of Israel and Anwar Sadat of Egypt, mediated by Carter. Israel promised to return occupied land to Egypt in return for official recognition of Israel’s right to exist by Egypt.
• Iran Hostage Crisis: American embassy in Iran is held for over a year by Muslim fundamentalists
• Bakke v. California: eliminated quotas, but approved the use of race as a criterion for admission.
• Civil Service Reform Act: part of Carter’s attempts to streamline and increase the efficiency of the government’s bureaucracy. Reduced the Civil Service.
• Department of Education: part of the streamlining efforts of Carter, various government offices dealing with education were consolidated.

1980-1992

Domestic Policy:

• 1980 Election: Carter loses to Ronald Reagan (bad economy)
• Many American voters felt out of touch with their government and betrayed by a federal government that had grown too large.
• New Federalism – give more power back to the states at the expense of the federal government
• Reagan’s Supply-Side Economics
• Deregulation intensified
• Economy recovers, stock market grows, patriotism renewed, diverse subcultures
• AIDS, crack, unequal wealth, loss of manufacturing jobs, corrupt subcultures
• 1987: “Black Monday” – stock market mini crash
• George H.W. Bush
• Economic recession

Foreign Policy:

• Reagan ended the more friendly relations of the dénte era
• Put new cruise missiles in Europe, referred to Soviet Union as the “evil empire”
• More money for military defense (SDI – Strategic Defense Initiative)
• Fight Communism in our hemisphere (Contras v. Sandinistas)
• Iran Contra-Affair
• 1989-1991: Communism falls apart in Europe, Cold War ends
• US opens trade relations with China
• Bush orders invasion of Panama and arrest dictator Manuel Noriega
• 1990-1991: Persian Gulf War. US invades Iraq after Saddam Hussein had invaded Kuwait; military success.

Terms:

• “The New Right” – growing group of conservative Republicans
• Supply-Side Economics: cut taxes and the money will “trickle down” to working Americans
• Tax Reform Act of 1986: dramatically reduced federal tax rate
• Iran Contra-Affair: CIA is found to have sold weapons to Iran to fund Nicaraguan Contras.
• “contras”: anticommunist fighters in Nicaragua
• Operation “Desert Storm”: ground offensive mounted against Iraq

1992-2000

Domestic Policy:

• Bill Clinton Elected in 1992
• “centrist”
• “New Democrat”
• tried to push for health care reform
• Monica Lewinsky
• Republican take over the House and Senate, Contract With America

Foreign Policy:

• Treaty gives Panama Canal back to Panama
• Humanitarian mission to Somalia
• US military sent in to restore the government of Jean-Berntrant Aristide in Haiti
• NATO air and military efforts to protect Muslims from the “ethnic cleansing” policies of President Slobodan Milosevic of Serbia.
• NAFTA passed in Congress

Terms:

• Contract With America: a promise by the Republican House/Senate to reduce the size of the federal government
• “New Democrat”: Clinton’s campaign strategy; not another typical big-spending advocate of big government.
• “Whitewater”: Got Clinton impeached but not convicted. Real estate deal in Arkansas that Bill and Hilary were involved in; opponents claimed the actions of the Clintons concerning Whitewater were illegal and unethical. Kenneth Starr expanded the investigation to include the suicide of Clinton aide Vincent Foster, missing files in the White House, and the Monica Lewinsky affair.
• NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement): goal was to gradually remove all trade barriers between the US, Canada (LOL), and Mexico.
• Balanced Budget Agreement (1997): Democrats and Republicans agreed on the plan to create a balanced budge by 2002.

2000-present

Domestic Policy:

• 2000 Election: Bush vs. Gore
• need for unity and strength in a time of war vs. desire for individual liberty
• Bush wins 2004 election…just…why?
• Conservative policy positions concerning social issues and taxation enacted under Bush
• Economic recession
• Unable to find significant ways to decrease government spending during the 2001-2006 era; federal deficits skyrocketed.
• OBAMA OBAMA OBAMA OBAMA OBAMA (2008)

Foreign Policy:

• World Trade Center attacked.
• Globalism
• US participation in WTO and NAFTA is praised by some, debated by others
• Iraq War.
• Failure to find weapons of mass destruction and failure to establish a link between Al Qaeda and Iraq…so why are we there again?
• Threat of terrorism

Terms:

• “Axis of Evil”: Iran, Iraq, North Korea
• “Operation of Iraqi Freedom”: US and British invasion of Iraq
• Terri Schiavo case: conservative stated feeding tubes should not be removed from this seemingly-brain dead woman, though she had expressed the desire not to be kept alive in such a condition some 10 years earlier. Congress passed a bill authorizing the federal courts to review her case.
• Homeland Security Bill (2002): Largest government reorganization in 50 years brought together many departments dealing with immigration and terrorism in a new cabinet-level department. Excluded the CIA/FBI from the department.
• Atkins v. Virginia: execution of the mentally retarded found to be “cruel and unusual” punishment

3.) Describe the major social and cultural trends of the following eras. It is here that you are covering the story of the American “people.” Consider such things as demographic changes, religion, class, the way people entertained themselves, etc. Use 3 sentences for each one.

1492-1600:

The Renaissance in Europe sparked interest in exploration as people became more educated, the population grew, and a growing merchant class, often banded together into stockholders, expressed a higher interest in trading with other nations for goods. In England, the people began demanding rights, as the Magna Carta shows, requiring King John to proclaim certain rights, respect certain legal procedures, accept that his will could be bound by the law, and explicitly protected certain rights of the King’s subject. England experienced large population growth, high inflation, a decline in wages, and religious dissent (King Henry VIII separation from the Catholic Church, creating a divide between Catholics and Protestants) among its people, factors that lead to the eventual widespread colonization of North America.

1600-1700:

Religious factions in England became increasingly clear—Puritans (following John Calvin) were disenchanted with the Church of England and experienced a more difficult life after the death of Elizabeth I; therefore, many Puritans (and other religious groups not under the Church of England) settled in the New World, seeking religious freedom. Many indentured servants traveled to the colonies as well, contributing to the rising agricultural society (especially as a result of the Headright system). Within the colonies there was vast religious diversity—for example, Maryland was established as a refuge for Catholics. There was also a division between small farming Protestants and wealthy Catholics. However, there was more religious freedom in the colonies (ex: Maryland’s 1649 Act of Toleration).

1700-1776:

The geography of the colonies led them to develop unique social and economic aspects—the New England colonies relied on trade and had more religious diversity, the Middle colonies focused on farming (“bread colonies”) and the Southern colonies developed the plantation system, becoming increasingly wealthy due to a lucrative trade with Britain. The Great Awakening (1720-1740) may have helped to introduce a sense of social equality and social rebellion as colonists questioned the existing religious establishment. During the age of salutary neglect, colonists also increasingly supported the idea of democratic government (within the colonies), leading to a growth of colonial assemblies. As George Grenville ended salutary neglect and began instating acts that infuriated the colonists, there were increasingly violent reactions as many colonists banded together (Sons of Liberty, Boston Tea Party, etc). However, there was also a division between those that continued to support the crown and those that wanted freedom.

1776-1824:

As the colonies begin to establish their own government, divides within the new nation already become clear, especially after the Articles of Confederation fail and the Constitutional Convention is held. Among these are conflicts that will eventually cause the civil war, among them divides between commercial and plantation economies, advocates of strong and weak government, bankers vs. debtors, and much more. Many compromises made between groups in writing the Constitution led to temporary fixes for problems, yet the divides were still evident. New territory (Louisiana Purchase, Northwest territory, Florida, The Oregon Territory, etc) led to more debates about slavery, ownership, and how they would be admitted.

1824-1865

With the election of Jackson in 1828 comes the age of the “common man”. The economy spirals downward, creating an even greater divide between the classes. Differences between the north and south become clearer during the Nullification Crisis, more compromises over new territory, slave rebellions, the Kansas-Nebraska Act, and finally the election of Lincoln, leading to the secession of several southern states and that whole civil war thing that happened. In the midst of this was the Second Great Awakening, which occurred in response to the Enlightenment’s reliance on reason over faith.

1865-1900

During the Reconstruction era attempts were made to help African Americans get rights and punish Confederate officers. The Civil Rights Amendments were added to the Constitution, which helped African-Americans. However, once Reconstruction ended many of the Confederate officers were given their seats back in the Senate and African-Americans experienced discrimination and were oppressed through poll taxes, literacy tests, etc. After Reconstruction the Industrial Era occurred, widening the divide between classes, creating horrible working conditions and therefore strikes and unions. The Populist Party also grew during this era to contest big business’s control over the marketplace.

1900-1929

The Progressive Era, under Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson was a widespread effort to improve existing institution, control corporations, and extend/protect the rights of previously disenfranchised groups. There was an increased concern for health and environment, as legislation such as the Pure Food and Drug Act show. World War I instilled a strong sense of nationalism in Americans. Additionally, women were granted suffrage.

1929-1945

Technological advances, such as the car, helped to develop America’s culture, leading to the development of the suburbs because workers could travel longer distances in a shorter time. The radio also helped to educate America and lead to a standardization of American culture. Politicians such as FDR used the radio to communicate with the public, leading to an increased trust in the government. The 1920s in general saw a large cultural change across America as industrial growth created a consumer economy and national culture, and as distinct social movements such as the Harlem Renaissance took place.

1945-1963

The 1950s were saw a dramatic change in many aspects of American culture with the development of rock and roll and large movement embracing sex as part of culture (Marilyn Monroe, Elvis Presley). More technological advances led to an increasing consumer culture, especially as advertising grows. The 1960s were characterized by a large group of “baby boomers” that widened the generation gap by becoming hippies, engaging in more casual sex, drug use, and new music.

1963-1980

The civil rights movement was the most significant theme throughout this era. The passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 were two major pieces of legislation that helped to bring African-Americans closer to their goal of equality. Many students actively protested the war, demonstrating the new involvement of the younger generations.

1980-present

While the public during the Cold War era focused more on the president’s ability to focus on that, recently domestic issues have also been taken into consideration. Among these are social reforms (gay marriage, for example) and immigration policies (which have largely shifted and become more controversial). Within the last decade the US has experienced an economic recession, which had an impact on the country economically (obviously), politically (who can get us out of it?), and socially (widening the class divide).

List and describe what you believe to be the most significant historical eras for the following groups. You may consider both the challenges these groups faced and successes they had in overcoming these challenges.

Women:

§ 1825-1860 (The “cult of domesticity” meets the beginnings of a women’s rights movement)

o “Cult of Domesticity” – women were supposed to embody perfect virtue in all senses.

o Led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott, among others

o 1848: “Declaration of Rights and Sentiments” at Seneca Falls, NY

o Initially demanded the right to vote, later to attain property rights

§ 1890-1921 (the fight for women’s suffrage):

o Women in the West first received the right to vote (1887)

o Women get the right to vote in Idaho, Colorado, and Utah in the 1890s

o As the US turned into an Industrial giant, more and more women got jobs in factories. However, their lack of equality was apparent when looking at comparative pay rates (ex: skilled women factory workers made $5 a week, and unskilled men workers made $8 a week).

o Marriage usually ended a woman’s work in the factory.

o Played a major role in the Progressive Era

o National Women’s Party (1916) founded by Alice Paul, National American Woman’s Suffrage Association founded by Carrie Chapman Catt – both crucial in the final push for women’s suffrage after WWI

o Women first began discussing feminism (1914). Feminists wanted to remove themselves from the restraints that society had placed on them because they were female.

o Margaret Sanger devoted herself to teaching the poor about bitch control and opened the first birth control clinic in the US

o Muller v. Oregon (1908) ruled it constitutional to set limits on the number of hours a woman could do work.

o 1919: 19^th Amendment grants all women the right to vote.

§ 1965-1980 (the modern feminist movement):

o Feminist movement

o The Feminine Mystique (Betty Friedan)

o 1966: National Organization for Women founded by Friedan. Middle class organization dedicated to getting equal pay for women at work and to end images in the media that objectified women.

o 1972: Gloria Steinem founded Ms., a feminist magazine

o 1972: Roe vs. Wade ruling

o pushed for an Equal Rights Amendment, but was never ratified by enough states to become part of the Constitution

Immigrants

1920-1950 (Immigration limits and nativism)

• Emergency Quota Act of 1921: immigration quota that limited the annual number of immigrants who could be admitted from any country to 3% of the number of persons from that country living in the United States in 1910, according to United States Census figures.
• First Red Scare
• Growth of the KKK
• Palmer Raids: attempts by the United States Department of Justice to arrest and deport left-wing radicals, especially anarchists, from the United States. The raids and arrests occurred in November 1919 and January 1920 under the leadership of Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer.
• Sacco and Vanzetti case
• Widespread nativism
• National Origins Act of 1924 (Immigration Act of 1924): limited the number of immigrants who could be admitted from any country to 2% of the number of people from that country who were already living in the United States in 1890, down from the 3% cap set by the Immigration Restriction Act of 1921, according to the Census of 1890. It excluded immigration of Asians.
• McCarthyism
• 1942 “Braceros” brought in to help with agriculture

1840-1885 (Immigrants used for cheap labor)

• America needed more labor for factories in the North
• Worked for very little pay in very bad conditions, lived in the growing cities in those weird apartments where everyone shared a bathroom
• Potato famine! – lots of Irish Catholics come over for new opportunity
• Know-Nothing Party: The Know Nothing movement was a nativist American political movement of the 1840s and1850s. It was empowered by popular fears that the country was being overwhelmed by German and Irish Catholic immigrants, who were often regarded as hostile to Anglo-Saxon values and controlled by the Pope in Rome. Mainly active from 1854 to 1856, it strove to curb immigration and naturalization, though its efforts met with little success. Membership was limited to Protestant males of British lineage over the age of twenty-one
• Chinese immigrants used to build the railroad
• Chinese Exclusion Act: signed into law by Chester A. Arthur, allowed the U.S. to suspend immigration, and Congress subsequently acted quickly to implement the suspension of Chinese immigration, a ban that was intended to last 10 years.

1950-2005 (Illegal immigration)

• McCarran Internal Security Act: required the registration of Communist organizations with the United States Attorney General and established the Subversive Activities Control Board to investigate persons suspected of engaging in subversive activities or otherwise promoting the establishment of a "totalitarian dictatorship," fascist or communist. Members of these groups could not become citizens, and in some cases, were prevented from entering or leaving the country. Citizen-members could be denaturalized in five years.
• Mexican immigrants – agriculture
• Cuban revolution à Cuban immigration
• Punishments for hiring illegal immigrants deter

Native Americans

1452-1800

• Disease from European explorers à massive population wipeout
• The great biological exchange
• European farming techniques change the ecological system and therefore animal population
• 90-95% of the indigenous population disappeared due to disease
• Columbian Exchange: plants, animals, and disease
• Cortes: Aztects in Mexico
• Pizzaro: Incas in Peru
• Pope’s Rebellion: an uprising of many pueblos of the Pueblo people against Spanish colonization of the Americas in the New Spain province of New Mexico
• Proclamation of 1763: issued by King George III following Great Britain's acquisition of French territory in North America after the end of the French and Indian War. The purpose of the proclamation was to organize Great Britain's new North American empire and to stabilize relations with Native North Americans through regulation of trade, settlement, and land purchases on the western frontier.
• French and Indian War
• Bacon’s Rebellion: protest against Native American raids on the frontier. Farmers did not succeed in their goal of driving Native Americans from Virginia.
• Albany Congress: meeting of representatives of seven of the British North American colonies in 1754. Discussed better relations with the Indian tribes and common defensive measures against the French.
• Pontiac’s Rebellion
• Pickney’s Treaty (Spain agreed to stop inciting Native American attacks)

1820-1900

• 1824: Monroe proposes all Native Americans be moved west of the Mississippi River (conflict east of the Mississippi between settlers and tribes)
• Monroe claimed this would benefit the Indians, because the settlers wouldn’t bother them as long as they settled west of the Mississippi River
• Cherokee/other tribes adopted systems of government similar to those used in many states, but it still didn’t help.
• 1831: Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia Marshall states that they have no real standing in court since they were not a state or a foreign country. But Marshall does say that they had a right to the lands that they possessed.
• Jackson refused to take action to enforce the court decision.
• War of 1812l: Jackson led troops against the Creek tribe
• Removal Act of 1830: authorized the removal of all tribes east of the Mississippi
• 1838: Trail of Tears
• Ghost Dances cause Sitting Bull to be arrested and killed, and 240 Indian killed at Wounded Knee Creek
• Missionaries came to “tame” Native Americans living in the Oregon territory when settlers began migrating there.

1920-1975

• Indian Rights Association: American social activist group dedicated to the well being and acculturation of Native Americans. Founded in Philadelphia in 1882, the Indian Rights Associations (IRA) was highly influential in American Indian policy through the 1930s and remained involved as an organization until 1994.
• American Indian Movement (AIM): Native American organization founded in 1986 to protest government policies and injustices suffered by Native Americans; In 1973 organized armed occupation of Wounded Knee, South Dakota
• Bureau of Indian Affairs: agency of the federal government of the United States within the US Department of the Interior charged with the administration and management of 55.7 million acres (87,000 sq. miles or 225,000 km²) of land held in trust by the United States for Native Americans in the United States, Native American Tribes and Alaska Natives
• Indian Citizenship Act: granted full U.S. citizenship to America's indigenous peoples, called "Indians" in this Act. (The Fourteenth Amendment guarantees citizenship to persons born in the U.S., but only if "subject to the jurisdiction thereof"; this latter clause excludes certain indigenous peoples.)
• Indian Reorganization Act: secured certain rights to Native Americans, including Alaska Natives. These include a reversal of the Dawes Act's privatization of common holdings of American Indians and a return to local self-government on a tribal basis. The Act also restored to Native Americans the management of their assets (being mainly land) and included provisions intended to create a sound economic foundation for the inhabitants of Indian reservations. The act did not require tribes to adopt a constitution.
• Indian Relocation Act: intended to encourage Native Americans in the United States to leave Indian reservations, acquire vocational skills, and assimilate into the general population. Part of the Indian termination policy of that era, it played a significant role in increasing the population of urban Indians in succeeding decades

African-Americans

1787-1863

• 3/5 Compromise
• The Commerce Compromise: (regulating trade and commerce) slave trade was permitted until 1808
• Compromise of 1850: slave trade ended in DC, fugitive slave law toughened and enforced
• Judges in the North determined the fate of black accused of being escaped slaves
• Accused runaways were denied jury proceedings and ofen the right to testify in their own trials.
• Heavy financial penalties imposed on Northerners who helps slaves escape or hid slaves
• Uncle Tom’s Cabin
• Dred Scott case (1856): slaves are property
• Crittenden Plan – federal government guarantee the existence of slavery in any state where it existed, and that the line of the Missouri Compromise be extended to the Pacific, with territories to the north of the line being free from slavery and those south of the line having slavery. Rejected by republicans in Congress.
• Civil War!
• Emancipation Proclamation

1865-1877

• Civil Rights Amendments
• 13 amendment: abolition of slavery
• 14: rights of citizens
• 15: black suffrage
• Jim Crow laws: state and local laws in the United States enacted between 1876 and 1965. They mandated de jure racial segregation in all public facilities, with a supposedly "separate but equal" status for black Americans.
• Protection by troops under Reconstruction
• Share-cropping
• Tenant farmers
• Civil Rights Act of 1866: The Civil Rights Act of 1866 is a federal law in the United States that made everyone born in the U.S^{[1] full citizens.}
• KKK
• Compromise of 1877 ends Reconstruction, conditions for African Americans get worse.

1950-1970

• Brown v. Board of Education
• Great migration north
• 1955: Montgomery Bus Boycott: 1955 in Montgomery, Alabama, USA, intended to oppose the city's policy of racial segregation on its public transit system. Many historically significant figures of the civil rights movement were involved in the boycott, including Martin Luther King. The boycott resulted in a crippling financial deficit for the Montgomery public transit system, because the city's black population who were the drivers of the boycott were also the bulk of the system's ridership.
• Greensboro Sit-Ins
• MLK Jr., Malcom X
• 1961 Freedom Rides
• 1963 March on Washington/I have a Dream Speech
• Civil Rights Act of 1964: outlawed unequal application of voter registration requirements and racial segregation in schools, at the workplace and by facilities that served the general public ("public accommodations.")
• NAACP, SNCC, CORE, SCLC
• Selma to Montgomery marches: three marches in 1965 that marked the political and emotional peak of the American civil rights movement. They grew out of the voting rights movement in Selma, Alabama, launched by local blacks who formed the Dallas County Voters League (DCVL)
• Voting Rights Act: outlawed discriminatory voting practices that had been responsible for the widespread disenfranchisement of African Americans in the United States.

4. For each of the questions below choose 2 of the eras from above and give a 1-sentence thesis that answers that question. (You will have two theses for each question pertaining to two different eras.) DO NOT REPEAT ANY OF THE ERAS. Remember that you can support, deny, or, my favorite, develop a complex thesis that has an opinion but allows for complexity (NOT yes/no or black/white).

-Analyze the extent to which regional difference unified or divided the American people during this time period:

1600-1700: The 13 colonies were originally founded for very different reasons and had to survive based on what was available around them; this created divisions between them as the Northern colonies focused on trade, the middle colonies survived based on farming, and the south relied on the plantation system.

1824-1865: The event standing out in the time period from 1824 to 1865 is obviously the Civil War, which arose from sectional tension between the North and South, based on different economic systems, their level or dependence on slavery, and control in government.

-Analyze the extent to which advances were made towards personal, religious, and cultural freedom during this time period

1945-1963: From 1945 to 1963 there was a dramatic change in many aspects of American culture; while many didn’t embrace this newfound identity, there was nevertheless a large movement towards personal, religious, and cultural freedom, though many didn’t achieve it during this period.

1492-1660: While America had not yet been colonized by Britain (successfully), the large movement towards personal, religious, and cultural freedom after the Renaissance in Europe was a big factor in the eventually settling of the New World.

-Analyze the extent to which the US government was able to foster and ensure a stable economic environment that allowed the country to grow and prosper during this time period

1865-1900: After Reconstruction ended, the nation entered the Industrial area and thus a large economic boom; however, not only did this create a large divide between classes, but the government didn’t ensure a stable economic environment and thus the US entered a series of recessions.

1900-1929: During the Progressive Era, there was more government regulation of business practices, which led not only to a better economy and reforms, but ensured it stayed healthy and didn’t crash.

-Refute or support the following statement: The US was able to successfully find a balance between isolationism and interventionism in their dealings with foreign nations during this time period

1776-1824: America’s attempts to maintain an isolationist foreign policy from 1776-1824 ultimately lead to increased tension with Europe due to failed attempts, refusals to aid former allies, and changing policies.

1700-1776: The colonies, under British rule, were unable to successfully maintain an isolationist policy from 1700-1776; fights with Native Americans and over expansion required assistance from Britain, ultimately leading to increased tension between the two.

5. In your opinion, who are the 50 most important people in American History? You can use no more than 5 presidents.

1. TEDDY ROOSEVELT. He was s straight up bamf.

2. Abraham Lincoln

3. George Washington

4. Thomas Jefferson

5. Alexander Hamilton

6. George Grenville

7. John Marshall

8. Woodrow Wilson

9. Benjamin Franklin

10. Columbus

11. Thomas Paine

12. Napoleon

13. LBJ

14. John Marshall

15. John Wilkes Booth

16. Ulysses S. Grant

17. Eli Whitney

18. John Rolfe

19. Henry Ford

20. Nathan Bedford Forrest

21. Alexander Graham Bell

22. Earl Warren

23. Henry Clay

24. James K. Polk

25. Andrew Carnegie

26. J. D. Rockefeller

27. J. P. Morgan

28. Jonathan Edwards

29. George Stevenson

30. William Jennings Bryan

31. Joseph Pulitzer

32. Frederick Winslow Taylor

33. Rutherford B. Hayes

34. Robert Oppenheimer

35. Pinckney

36. Thomas Edison

37. John C. Calhoun

38. Andrew Jackson

39. MLK

40. Ralph Waldo Emerson

41. Frederick Douglass

42. Ida Tarbell

43. Upton Sinclair

44. Robert E. Lee

45. Cyrus McCormick

46. Joseph Farwell Glidden

47. Oliver L. Brown

48. Horace Mann

49. Malcom X

50. Henry Bessemer

51. Anne Hutchinson