APUSH Unit 1 study guide

Unit 1 Study Guide

Key Terms Chapter 1:

Francisco Pizarro: Spanish conquistador who crushed the Incas of Peru in 1532, and added tons of booty to Spanish coffers.

Juan Ponce de Leon: Spanish conquistador, explored Florida in 1513 and 1521, thought it was an island at first. Went seeking gold, probably not fountain of youth; shot by Indians.

Hernando de Soto: Went looking for gold (1539-1542), went westward from Florida, discovered and crossed the Mississippi R. Died from fever and wounds.

Montezuma: Aztec chieftain, welcomed conquistadors with gifts, believed Cortes to be the god Quetzalcoatl, allowed them to reach capital unopposed. Treated Cortes hospitably at first, but attacked on the noche triste.

Christopher Columbus: Italian seafarer, convinced Spain to fund his trip to find a new route to the east indies. Discovered the new world.

Hernan Cortes: Cuban explorer who sailed to Mexico and discovered the Aztec Indians. Defeated the Aztecs and built Mexico city on the ruins, bringing his culture, language, etc.

Francisco Coronado: 1540s, explored the upper Rio Grande and Colorado River

Jacques Cartier: French explorer who traveled hundreds of miles up the St. Lawrence river

Giovanni da Verrazzano: Italian mariner who probed the eastern seaboard in 1524.

John Cabot: Send by the English to explore the northeastern coast of north America in 1497 and 1498

Vasco Nunez de Balboa: The Spanish conquistador (ca. 1475-1519) that explored Central America and discovered the Pacific Ocean. He was the first Spanish explorer to gain a permanent foothold on the American mainland.

Bartholomew Dias: Portuguese explorer who discovered Cape of Good Hope

Bartholome De las Casas: Spanish Dominican priest, witnessed, and was driven to oppose, the torture and genocide of the Native Americans by the Spanish colonists.

Ferdinand Magellan: funded by Portugal, first to circumnavigate globe in 1519.

Vasco de Gama: Portuguese explorer, reached India by sailing around Africa

Mestizos: people of mixed Indian and European heritage, created by Cortes’ overtaking of Aztec empire.

“three sister” farming: Indian system of beans growing on the trellis of the cornstalks and squash covering the planting mounds to retain moisture in the soil.

Mississippian Indians: climaxed about the time of the European discovery and influenced many tribes, known for mound building

Anazasi: desert dwelling people of the Southwest who sustained some large settlements.

Pueblo-hohokam Indians: Southwest, had looser class structure; hunter/gatherers and then dry farming, lived in adobe structures

Pope’s Rebellion: 1680, local pueblo tribes overthrow local Catholic leaders and briefly take control of present-day New Mexico. ‘Reqonquered’ by spain in 1692.

Encomienda: Spanish elites were given control of native populations as long as they promised to feed and ‘christianize’ them.

St. Augustine, Florida: 1565, first European town in the US

Major themes Chapter 1:

-The geological and geographical conditions that set the stage for North American history

· Geological: GOLD! The Spanish found gold there, and the rest of the world wanted a piece.

· Geographical: Was in the way for a new route to the Indies, and so it was discovered. There was a need for raw materials that the New World provided, as well as new foods.

-The origin and development of the major Indian cultures of the Americas

· Accepted theory: 35,000-10,000 BC there was a “land bridge” linking Asia and north America

· South/Central America:

o Maya, Inca, Aztec: all known because they left behind records and lasting structures. Inca and Aztec still existed when Europeans arrived.

· North America:

o Clovis Culture: earliest known human civilization in american southwest, known for use of tools to hunt large animals (clovis points)

o Adena-hopewell people of Ohio valley: had great earth works, trade culture, mound building

o Mississippian culture: Mississippi valley, climaxed at time of European discovery, influenced many tribes, influenced by southern tribes (temples like pyramids, pottery, human sacrifice, torture), known for mound building.

o Pueblo-hohokam-Anasazi: cultures of southwest, had looser class structure, hunter/gatherers, dry farming, lived in adobe structures

o Tribes of the atlantic seaboard: who the Europeans first encountered. Iroquois Confederation, Algonquin speaking tribles

-The developments in Europe and other parts of the world that led up to Columbus’s voyage to America

· Population in crease in 15^th century

· more centralized political authority, less emphasis on the feudal lords, more leaders interested in building armies and expanding territory

· increased technology: better maps, printing press

· increased education level

· desire to find shorter trade routes to the Orient.

· Renaissance:

o Knowledge that the earth was round

o Improved navigation: compass and astrolabe

o Economic changes: merchant class (increased trade), corporations

o Barriers to trade with the Orient: long journey, inflated prices

o Mercantilism

o Contributions of the merchant class, professionals, gunpowder, and crusades

-The changes and conflicts that occurred when the diverse worlds of Europe, African, and the Americas collided after 1492

• Triangular trade: African à Americas, labor; Americas à Europe, raw materials; Europe à Americas, industrialized good
• New World: disease, decrease in animal population, change in ecological system, new trade
• Old World: more goods, more money, more conflict within itself
• Africa: more slaves sold to Europe/the Americas, war

-The Spanish conquest of Mexico and South America

• Cortes (Aztecs in Mexico), Pizarro (Incas in Peru)
• Great gap in wealth between rulers and workers
• Disease led to need for new labor: African slavery
• Catholic missionary opposition to the Spanish conquest (De Las Casas, “The Black Legend”
• Settled patterns of rule followed lines of conquest.

-The major features of Spanish colonization and expansion in North America

• Nature of Spanish settlements (encomiendas)
• St. Augustine, FL
• Spanish southwest: importance of catholic missions, seen as a way to pacify native people and oversee colonization

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Key Terms Chapter 2:

Powhatan: Leader of the native peoples living in the James River area

Pocahontas: Daughter of Powhatan, saved John Smith from being killed, married John Rolfe

John Rolfe: Saved Jamestown by cultivating a new strand of tobacco he got from the Powhatan Indians

Lord Baltimore

Walter Raleigh: Founded Maryland, first proprietary colony, set up as a refuge for catholics, Act of Tolerations

John Smith: emerged as leader of Jamestown, using a military style discipline that increased the rate of survival (you don’t work, you don’t eat)

Henry VIII: King in the 1530, broke with the Roman Catholic Church, launching the English Protestant Reformation

Elizabeth I: Came after Henry VIII, made England protestant, encouraged exploration.

Nation-state:

Join-stock company: wealthy shareholders share profit and risk in exploration (a private business with royal support)

Slavery: originally heaviest in the Caribbean because of how expensive and hard it was to produce sugar, also used a lot in the south, esp. the Carolinas (rice)

House of Burgesses: legislative body in VA, people allowed to elect their own representatives to it, first elected assembly in America.

Indentured servitude: people that agreed to work for a number of years in return for charter to the new world

Sea dogs: Dutch plunderers of Spanish ships

First and Second Anglo-Powhatan War: First: when Lord De La Warr came, he declared war against the Indians, which was eventually settled in 1614 with John Rolfe’s marriage to Pocahontas; Second: 1644 Indians made last attempt to try to dislodge Virginias, defeated, peace treaty of 1646 repudiated any hope of assimilation the native people into Virginian society/peacefully coexisting, effectively banished them from ancestral lands.

Maryland Act of Toleration: passed in 1649, guaranteed religious toleration to all Christians

Virginia Company: joint-stock company that got a charter from King James I (which granted all colonists the same rights of Englishmen they would have had at home) for a settlement in the new world, established Jamestown.

Santa Fe:

Jamestown: first permanent settlement by the English

Charlestown: busiest seas port in the south, had rich aristocratic flavor, colorfully diverse, French protestant refugees and others attracted by religious toleration.

Protestant Reformation: when Protestantism became dominant in England as a result of Charles VIII and Elizabeth

Spanish Armada: Spanish fleet of ships that the English plundered.

Major Themes Chapter 2:

-The major factors that led England to begin colonization

· A history of the rights of the people (The Magna Carta and “Common Law”

· Privateers (sea dogs) raid Spanish ships

· Lost Colony on Roanoke Island

· British defeat Spanish Armada

· “Elizabethan Age”: relative stability, naval dominance, increasing culture

· Stuggle between British Kings and Parliament for control (during this time 12 of the 13 colonies established)

-The development of Jamestown from its disastrous beginnings to its later prosperity

· Virginia Company of London received charter from James I

· Attraction: gold, passage through America to Indies

· Had same rights as they did in England

· Tons of people died of malnutrition, starvation because the settlers didn’t know how to fend for themselves.

· Captain John Smith came and saved them “you don’t work, you don’t eat”, had a shaky alliance with Powhatan

· Problems with Indians—colonists stealing food; First and Second Anglo-Powhatan wars.

· John Rolfe saves colony with discovery of good tobacco strand.

-The cultural and social interaction and exchange between English settlers and Indians in Virginia, and the effects of the Virginians’ policy of warfare and forced removal

• At first friendly
• John Smith: shaky alliance
• Lord De La Warr: declared war against them—First Anglo-Powhatan war, ended with John Rolfe marrying Pocahontas
• Second Anglo-Powhatan War, ends with peace treaty of 1646, banishing Indians from ancestral lands
• Powhatans fall victim to disease, disorganization and disposability

-Changes in the economy and labor system in Virginia and the other Southern colonies

• Tobacco à needed labor. Indentured servants used, but in 1619, 20ish Africans were sold, planting the seeds of the American slave system
• Poor farmers from the Caribbean came to the southern colonies with slaves and the Barbados slave code. Cultivated rice, which needed more slave labor than tobacco.

-Similarities and differences among the southern colonies of Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia

• Virginia: tobacco, headright system, bad relations with Indians, indentured servants
• Maryland: catholic refuge, founded by lord Baltimore, indentured servants, tobacco, division between small farm protestant and wealthy catholics, act of toleration
• North Carolina: very diverse, democratic, poor but sturdy inhabitants, independent minded, least aristocratic, rice, lots of slave labor, royal colony, destroyed native tribes
• South Carolina: extension of west indies, rice, slave labor, Charleston = large trading center, Spanish in florida not happy about it (protestant vs catholic)
• Georgia: buffer colony, restrictions on slaver, safe haven for debtors, grew slowly.

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Key Terms Chapter 3:

John Calvin: Founded Calvinism, based on the idea of predestination, became the dominant theological credo of the New England Puritans

Anne Hutchinson: claimed that a holy life was no sure sign of salvation and that the truly saved need not bother to obey the law of either God or man. She was banished to Rhode Island, but moved to New York.

Roger Williams: Fled from MA to Rhode Island, where he established complete religious freedom

Henry Hudson: English explorer, sailed into the Delaware Bay and New York Bay in 1609 and then ascended the Hudson River.

William Bradford: popular, well-educated governor in Plymouth

Peter Stuyvesant: leader of the Dutch military expedition that ended the Swedish rule of Delaware

William Penn: Founded Pennsylvania as a haven for Quakers, known for his fair treatment of Indians, dislike of slavery,

John Winthrop: governor of MA, said the bit about a “city on a hill”, highly Puritan, believed they had a covenant from God

King Philip (Metacom): forged an alliance with the other Indians and mounted a series of coordinated assaults on English villages throughout New ENgland

John Cotton: emigrated to MA to avoid persecution for his criticism of the Church of England, devoted himself to defending the government’s duty to enforce religious rules.

Sir Edmund Andros: English military man, affiliated with the Church of England, curbed town meetings, laid heavy restrictions on the courts, press, and schools, revoked all land titles, and taxed the people heavily. Enforced the Navigation laws, goading the colonists to the edge of revolt.

Martin Luther: denounced the authority of priests and popes, declared that the Bible alone was the source of God’s word. Ignited a fire of religious reform.

Sultary neglect: England basically ignored the colonists and didn’t enforce their laws

“city upon a hill”: John Winthrop’s idea that MA should be a model for the other colonies

Pilgrims: A group of Separatists who fled from England for religious freedom. Signed Mayflower Compact, first thanksgiving

New England Confederation: colonists banded together to defend against foes and deal with inter-colonial problems, and each member colony had 2 votes. Puritan.

Massachusetts Bay Company: non-Separatist puritans who secured a royal charter established it, wanted to make a sizable settlement and MA

Navigation Laws: allowed colonists to trade only with England

Glorious Revolution: bloodless, dethrones Catholic James II, enthroned the Protestant rulers William and Mary.

Puritans: A member of a group of English Protestants who in the 16th and 17th centuries advocated strict religious discipline along with simplification of the ceremonies and creeds of the Church of England.

Dutch West India Company: maintained profitable enterprises in the Caribbean, more interested in raiding; captured a fleet of Spanish treasure ships, established outposts in Africa and a sugar industry with Brazil.

Quakers: believed that direct experience of God was available to all people, without mediation, very peaceful.

Mayflower: Ship that brought over the first Pilgrims to the new world

Plymouth Bay: where the Pilgrims chose to settle, right outseide the domain of the VA Company.

King Phillip’s War: Indian assaults on 52 Puritan towns in New England, slowed the westward march of English settlement in New England for several decades, but reduced the Indian population and threat.

New Amsterdam: Later NYC, company town run by and for the Dutch company, in thte interests of stockholders. No religious tolerance, free speech, or democratic practices.

New York: granted to Duke of York by Charles II, very illiberal; monopolistic land policies and lordly atmosphere discouraged many settlers from coming.

Major Themes Chapter 3:

-The Puritans belief and why they left England for the New World

· Belief: Puritans felt that the English Reformation had not gone far enough, and that the Church of England was tolerant of practices which they associated with the Catholic Church. Very conservative Protestant

· Why they left: King James I was head of the state and church, and felt that if his subjects could defy him as heir spiritual leader, they might one day defy him as their political leader, and threatened to harass them out of the land. Wanted to find a place where they could live and die as English men and women and as purified Protestants.

-The basic religious and governmental ideas and practices of the Massachusetts Bay Colony

· Religious: Puritans, denied that they wanted to separate from the Church of England, just from its impurities. John Winthrop believed he had a calling from God to lead the new religious experiment. “city upon a hill”, a beacon to humanity. Believed they had a covenant with God, and agreement to build a holy society that would be a model for humankind. Congregational church.

· Governmental: John Winthrop. Land-owning men discussed local issues and voted on them by majority-rule show of hands, though it wasn’t a democracy.

-The Massachusetts Bay’s conflict with religious dissenters as well as economic opportunities that led to the expansion of New England into Rhode Island, Connecticut, and elsewhere.

· Anne Hutchinson: basically said that the idea of predestination was dumb and that if you were already meant to go to heaven, you didn’t need to do anything to ensure it since you were going to anyway. Brought to trial, claimed that her beliefs came from a direct revelation with God, and was banished to Rhode Island.

· Roger Williams: extreme Separatist, hounded fellow clergymen to make clean break from Church of England and challenged the legality of the Bay Colony’s charter, which he condemned for taking the land from the Indians without fair compensation. Also denied the authority of civil government to regulate religious behavior. Banished, fled to Rhode Island. Built a Baptist church there, and had high religious tolerence.

· Connecticut: New Haven set up by Puritans who wanted to set up and even closer church-government alliance than in MA.

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Key Terms Chapter 4:

William Berkeley: governor of Virginia, frustrated the colonists with his monopolization of the fur trade and friendly policies towards the Indians.

Nathaniel Bacon: led Bacon’s rebellion, former indentured servants that were mad at Berkeley, chased him from Jamestown and went on a rampage of plundering and pilfering. Died of disease and the rebellion was crushed.

Olaudah Equiano: slave that created the slave narrative and an abolitionist leader.

Slave codes: made blacks and their children the property for life of their masters.

Stono Rebellion: slave revolt in NYC in 1712, which cost the lives of 12 whites; rebels tried to march to Spanish Florida but were stopped by a local militia

Middle passage: passage from Africa to America where slaves were packed into a boat and the death rate was as high as 20%

“witch hunting”: a metaphor for the often dangerously irrational urge to find a scapegoat for social resentments.

Half-Way Covenant: When their children were born it was understood that they were to be considered "half-way" members of the church, sealed by their baptism but not confirmed into full membership until they were old enough to demonstrate proof of Christian conversion. Weakened the distinction between the “elect” and others, further diluting the spiritual purity of the original settlers’ godly community

Major Themes Chapter 4:

-The basic economy, demographics, and social structure and life of the seventeenth-century colonies

· Economy: cash crops, trade

· Demographics: slaves outnumbered colonists, very few wealthy people, mostly small farmers

· Social Structure: rich planter, small farmers, landless whites (former indentured servants), indentured servants, slaves

-The different forms of society and ways of life of the southern colonies and New England.

· Southern: more slaves, more rights for women, larger gaps between social classes, not many cities.

· New England: less need for slavery, more religious, more cities, higher survival rate, family values

-The practice of indentured servitude and how it failed to solve the colonial labor problem, and why colonists turned to African slavery

· Indentured servitude: worked for a certain number of years in return for passage to new world

· Fear of angry indentured servants (esp after Bacon’s rebellion) and rising wages in England made people less likely to go over as indentured servants

· Royal African Company lost monopoly on slave trade and supply of slaves rose.

-The slave trade and the character of early African American slavery

· Middle passage

· Slave codes

· Gullah

-The unique New England way of life centered on family, town, and church, and the changes that overcame this comfortable social order in the late seventeenth century

· Family: did everything they could to protect marriage and family calues

· Church: jeremiad preaching, half-way covenant,

· Town: salem witch trials

-The role of family life and the roles of women in the colonies

· South: women had more rights due to frequent death of spouses

· North: more focused on family values